NH #621: Depleted Uranium Weapons = Nuclear War in Ukraine - Dr. Helen Caldicott​​​​‌‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌​‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍​‍​‍​‍​​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‍​‍​‍‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍​‌‍​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌​‍‌‍‍​‌‍‌‌​‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌​​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​​‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‍​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌​​‌‌‍‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌​‍‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‍​​‍‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌​‌‌‍‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌​‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‍​​‌‌‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍​‌‍‌‌​‌‍​‍‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍‌‍​​‌‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‌‌​​‌​​‌​‍‌‌​​‍‌​‌‍​‍‌‌​​‍‌​‌‍‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍​‌‍​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌​‍‌‍‍​‌‍‌‌​‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌​​‌‌‍‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌​‍‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‍​​‍‌‍‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌​‌‌‍‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌​‍‌‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‍​​‌‌‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍​‌‍‌‌​‍‌‍‌​​‌‍‌‌‌​‍‌​‌​​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‍​‍‌‍​‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‍​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​​‍​‍‌‌

PLEASE NOTE: This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form. Dr Helen Caldicott - it's always an honor and a pleasure to have you here with us on Nuclear Hotseat. Thank you very much Libbe. One of the topics that has been coming up for discussion and is not clearly understood is that of Depleted Uranium weapons as regards the Ukraine - so let's just start with the basics on it - what is depleted uranium, referred to as D.U., and what are D.U. weapons ? Okay so when uranium is mined it's got two isotopes - uranium235, which is the fissile isotope that is used in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons - and the rest is uranium238 which has a half-life of 4.5 billion years - in other words the length of the lifetime of this planet. And so they extract the uranium235 from the uranium ore and what is left behind is uranium238 which is called Depleted Uranium. Now that Depleted Uranium had absolutely no use until they found out that it's very much more dense than lead and if used in anti-tank weapons it actually because of the velocity and the momentum it penetrates the armor steel armor of the tank goes straight through it - but it also is pyrophoric it bursts into flame when it hits the armor of the tank and explodes as well as penetrating the armor - and produces tiny aerosolized particles of uranium238 which just scatter around the environment in the dust and to lie there forever polluting the environment, the food, the children, the air, to be inhaled for the rest of time. What are some of the problems with health that are caused by depleted uranium ? Okay so it was used excessively by America and England - in the invasion in Iraq in 2003 the British and U.S militaries used 1700 tons of uranium - and 320 tons used in the 1991 Gulf War. They also used it if you please in the first 24 hours of the Libyan attack the U.S dropped 45 two thousand pound uranium bombs - it's absolutely obscene and they've used it in Mosul, Al Ramadi, Najaf, Fallujah. And it is not only just uranium238 but it is actually polluted also with plutonium and americium which are very very long lived highly carcinogenic radioisotopes. This is nuclear war without the nuclear explosions. I've heard it referred to as that and it does seem that way because there's no explosion as we would expect with the fireball from the nuclear bomb, but it has all of the after effects which our perception has been manipulated to not understand exactly how deadly the radioactivity can be well it's not our perception it hasn't been recorded much by the media so doctors in Fallujah my colleagues since 2005 have been absolutely overwhelmed by the number of babies with serious birth defects it must cross the placenta and damage the embryo in the first three months of life where all the organs and limbs are made and the defects include a girl born with two heads - and neural tube defects which is spinabifida so the neural tube down through the spinal cord doesn't fuse properly and their limbs are paralyzed - and far more cancers than they documented before the battle for Fallujah - in Fallujah 25% of newborns were seriously deformed - the rate of leukemia is 38 times higher - the children children's cancer rate is 12 times higher - breast cancer is 10 times more common than in the population of Egypt, Jordan and Kuwait. Across Iraq increasing numbers of birth defects appear to be surfacing and I've already named those towns and there's a picture here where ... this is an audio tape isn't it Libbe? we're doing audio but if you send it ... I'll just show you the picture of one of the deformed babies okay that's a screenshot - if you can send me that visual I will post it okay I'll try ... so it's just absolutely obscene obscene and how dare these characters use these radioactive weapons - it's nuclear war without the explosion that's what it is and it pollutes the area for the rest of time. And the children play in the dust, they inhale the dust - everyone inhales the dust many of the very grossly deformed babies had their hair tested and their hair contained uranium ... this is upon birth their hair was tested ? yeah so depleted uranium weapons not only do the immediate damage but in the aftermath with the radionuclides that are left - it's like Genetic Warfare is being waged absolutely absolutely and carcinogenic warfare that's what it is Carcinogenic Warfare in the past two weeks the United Kingdom has already committed to sending D.U. weapons to Ukraine to be used with the Challenger2 tanks that they have already sent over there - so they're sending the ammunition to go with the tanks and the Biden Administration refuses to rule out sending depleted uranium anti-tank munitions to Ukraine. What would be the impact on Ukraine if they use these weapons against the Russians but on their own soil ? Well the same effect I've just described as in Fallujah and in Iraq and Libya - an increase in congenital birth defects, a massive increase in childhood cancers - children are very much more sensitive to radiation than adults - little girls more sensitive than little boys - and this will be ongoing for the rest of time in the areas in which these weapons are used. It's a medical emergency, a medical emergency. And your tape should be played Libbe and transcribed to be used in the conference where you're about to attend. But it should be transcribed and published in major newspapers including New York Times Washington Post the newspapers in Britain and the like - to educate people about what I'm talking about. Obviously politicians are medically illiterate about the subject, absolutely medically illiterate. I mean I'd love to get to talk to Biden face to face about this as a doctor patient as I did once with Reagan. and came so close to changing all of our lives forever absolutely I mean we hoped to bring about the end of the Cold War but it didn't happen Ukraine is also known as something of a bread basket for Europe in that the crops are sent all throughout the EU and into Britain and beyond what would be the impact on the soil and the water and the crops should the D.U. weapons be implemented ? Well it's a very very good question I don't think uranium238 resembles other elements in the story like potassium and sodium and chloride and the like but I'm sure it will contaminate the grain even if just when it's harvested because the dust will be all over the crops and people who eat food made from this grain will be subject to develop cancers as well. The most important way that uranium238 tiny particles are embedded in the body is by inhalation but also by ingestion in that very very good question because it's true the Ukraine is one of the bread baskets of the world - it's a very good question. Then we're talking about the political fallout from the use of or the proposed use of depleted uranium weapons - I don't believe they have been used yet - a Russian official this past week responded to the Biden administration's refusal to rule out sending depleted uranium anti-tank munitions to Ukraine by warning that deployment of such weapons would be regarded by Moscow as the use of dirty nuclear bombs as you said yeah the mind boggles at what that might lead to in this ever escalating saber rattling that is going on - has Russia to your knowledge yet used depleted uranium weapons in Ukraine ? that I don't know but I doubt it - I don't think it has You know a lot of the media noise that has been taking place especially in the UK around the decision to send these weapons to Ukraine has been blatantly and absolutely predictably “it's not a problem don't worry your pretty little head about it” - there was a British tank commander who said it was quote laughable to link D.U. to nuclear weapons and that British D.U. tank rounds quote contained only trace elements of depleted uranium - yet how much radioactive material is enough to create health problems and poison the environment ? Well it just indicates that these people in positions of high authority and responsibility have no idea about biology physiology or pathology and it seems imperative that they all need an educational course in these subjects. I would be very happy to provide that - the blackboard and piece of chalk and draw genes and sperm and and chromosomes on the blackboard and teach them as I did with uranium miners in Australia - I got around to speaking to unions all over Australia and before they went out to work I had a blackboard and a piece of chalk and I drew their genes and their sperm and their testicles and radiation alpha particles beta particles X-rays and the like - and in the end the education was so effective that the Australian Council of Trade Unions banned uranium mining, export and delivery - that was overturned by a very bad prime minister that we had, Bob Hawke, who was working actually with the CIA in the embassy in Canberra and promised them that he would overturn that ruling of the unions. But education is the key as your President Jefferson said education is the key to democracy - an educated democracy will behave in a responsible fashion. And it's true and I've spent my life educating people and practicing global preventive medicine, as one would with a patient, but educating the global population. Speaking of educating what you just talked about that kind of training in the basics of exactly what we're talking about when radiation is being discussed - what if any consideration have you given to recording this as a course as a class as a Consciousness raiser whatever you want to call but have you with the blackboard with the chalk and a camera on you giving the lecture either by yourself in a room or in a studio or in front of an audience that could respond and make the appropriate noises when they realize exactly the jeopardy that they are creating ? Well I think that a film was made of me talking to the unions way back in the 80s but no I haven't organized that – see, Libbe I'm now nearly 85 and I'm virtually retired - if someone wanted to do that with me and organize it I would be glad to do it, but I'm not in the position to organize it myself at this time. Well I'm about to go to the international uranium film festival with a lot of filmmakers who are always looking for their next project ... so okay that's fun okay come to Australia though well you know there are worse things if I can get to Brazil other filmmakers can get to Australia yeah that would be the best way to educate people and once that was made if it was played you know on the social media Tick Tock it's they're very short but all the rest of the social media that could educate a lot of people but it would need to be on major television shows too in America and in England and across the world for people like Mr and Mrs Joe six-pack sitting back watching the television to understand and be educated about this and then from that as the masses become educated they rise up and that affects the political process in either country. once something like that gets recorded one of the major targets that I would choose here in the United States would be the comedians who do the late night shows and have the opportunity to speak honestly specifically John Oliver because he can go on for 20 minutes on any topic yeah he's wonderful he's wonderful - well he could interview me in Australia I'll do what I can to at least bring that up to his writers they're all on strike now but they're probably thinking about new subjects to do well listen to me, this is the dinky die, the real thing you know there's so much of Eternity that is at stake right now and people are treating this as just a passing one-upmanship between the United States and Russia using Ukraine as the playing field - you're shaking your head well yeah it is eternity I was trying to think of an aphorism to use - War into the Eternal War - war into eternity - it's not just killing people immediately it's long-term death long-term illness - it's just from a medical perspective obscene. I mean my specialty was cystic fibrosis and you don't know how hard we work to try and save those children's lives - you know and to try and save a child with leukemia or cancer and the grief of the parents - that just hideous what they're doing I've now called the Department of Defense the Department of Murder because actually that's what they do - since 911 they've murdered over a million people spent over a trillion dollars - the whole Congress is funded by the murderers, The Killers - and they are, they're Killers - we've just got to stop killing people I mean the whole American economy is based on murder now almost all your tax dollars go to Merc in its murder it's murder you get no arguments from me because I've been seeing it through this show through the lens of this show now for 12 full years anyone who has any illusions about the nature of the United States and that we're you know this great loving country and the bright light in the world - I challenge them to pay attention to maybe a few selected Nuclear Hotseat episodes or a few aspects of the nuclear issue to understand exactly how the world is tricked out to favor those who have the money create the weapons - there's a saying in business that you always want to be in a business where you sell something it gets used it gets used up and then they have to buy some more exactly the more wars they have the better - absolutely - that's why they're setting China up as the enemy - can you believe it it's unbelievable - rules-based order who makes the rules - rules-based order made by the United States - now China's surpassed America in production in the economy in a way you know let's share the planet but I don't know the people in high office in the United States I don't understand them that would be a long discussion about the psychology that leads one to want to have that kind of power over people which is how politics are now viewed it's about someone coming perhaps from nothing perhaps from something in terms of money but find a way to muscle into the power structure and then rise up because the higher one rises the higher the rewards that can come as we're seeing with Clarence Thomas you should pardon the expression as we see with so many of our Executives who get the perks - and there doesn't seem to be enough muscle in democracy right now to move swiftly and appropriately against those who abuse their power you know during the 80s Libbe there was a Hollywood agent called Pat Kingsley who represented all the film stars and she heard me talk once and said I will represent you and I said I can't afford you and she said I'll do it for free - and she placed me on all the television stations in Vogue and Life and Time so I was able as a pure doctor to educate people about the medical effects of nuclear war such that we had a million people in Central Park in March in 1982 and over time 80 percent of Americans were aware of the medical effects of nuclear war and opposed it - I met with Reagan in the white house for an hour and a quarter holding his hand trying to educate him about nuclear war etc and eventually we got 23 thousand doctors teaching people about the medical effects of nuclear war and I traveled countries all over the world and we got Reagan and Gorbachev eventually to a meeting in Reykjavik where they almost agreed to abolish nuclear weapons but got hung up on Star Wars so my thesis is that it's what Jefferson said an educated democracy will behave in a responsible fashion and that's the illustration of that statement it worked and so we have to educate the public again so we got to the point where you were visible these other Physicians were visible the word was out things were turning against nuclear - what happened how did we lose it ? oh well it's a good question when the Cold War ended there are I think 17 States on the border of Russia which had been part of the Soviet Union and they were now liberated all of them along the border so they were free and James Baker Secretary of State promised Gorbachev that NATO would not involve these countries that would not move one inch further along that border of Russia well there was a man called Norman Augustine the CEO of Lockheed Martin a wicked wicked company so he took it upon himself to visit these little liberated countries and said do you want to be a democracy and they said of course they do well do you want to join NATO yeah well to join NATO they had to buy millions of dollars worth of weapons to join NATO and he convinced all of them to join NATO so it was done out of pure wickedness so that Lockheed Martin could sell more weapons. Imagine having a lot of countries along the border at Canada and the United States with missiles pointing into America - that's the situation in Russia and so Putin said please don't let the Ukraine join NATO and please remove all the missiles that you placed in these newly liberated NATO countries that are facing into Russia - they didn't - so there's a cause and effect behind everything. and how did that turn around the general Public's thinking because I don't know that here in America we pay close attention ? I don't think … it was done behind closed doors no one knew about it just happened just happened and we as the public fell off in our awareness no one talked about it - it was done behind closed doors so no one knew about it but the trouble now is that the neocons Victoria Newland and Robin Kagan who she's married to and other very warlike people are running the Biden Administration so we're in great great great danger. And for the first time since the Cuban Missile Crisis the two global nuclear superpowers are facing each other militarily and already Putin's threatened to use nuclear weapons. One nuclear weapon that's the end of life on Earth because everything goes then ... you know there was a film made during the time we were campaigning against nuclear war called The Day After - everyone watched it and it had a huge and profound effect - about a bomb dropping on a Midwestern City. Reagan watched it and influenced him so once again the media is determining the fate of the Earth that's for sure. so it's up to those who have any kind of power within the media like Murdoch well I don't think we can count on Rupert Murdoch to do anything exactly on behalf of the planet yeah I I know that but I'm here in Hollywood and there's going to be a film festival - I can't speak about the specifics of that - but I know that at least two very powerful films that point out the nuclear fallacy (and you can spell that any way you want to) is going to be held I believe in late July of this year here in Hollywood - and it's being put together by a very high profile individual who through her family has been part of the Hollywood In Crowd for decades for her since birth and for her parents they work their way into it very powerful so they are yeah the possibility of having more visibility and more of a message get directly to the movers and shakers in Hollywood might be there if we structure something going into it and make that one of our intents at least to get the word out so that someone somewhere at some studio or another at least one if not more hears this, decides that this is good subject matter for whatever it is they are producing and they go ahead and make the next The Day After the next China Syndrome Doctor Strangelove so prescient all of those and yet here we are all these years later there are at least two generations that have grown up with no awareness and no input about this and now all they're hearing is oh small modular reactors that's a good thing and the full court press of media that has been happening to support that is shocking because it's clearly pre-planned pre-organized about how great nuclear energy is yes and Oliver Stone's just made a film about it and I respect Oliver Stone so much but I can't imagine what led him to produce a film like that - incidentally Libbe my film If You Love This Planet made by the Canadian film board 40 years ago won an Academy Award and if you go to my website HelenCaldicott.com or YouTube you can download it - it's a half an hour long and it makes people cry and it's … nothing has changed - the medical effects of nuclear war haven't changed - if we could get everyone to watch that it does have a powerful impact. of course I will have a link up to that on the website for this particular episode yeah what other patterns or actions or insanities around nuclear are you aware of at this time that you would like to make us aware of ? well I mean I'd just like to address a joint session of Congress about the medical effects of nuclear war and get into their souls - I can do that I've done it so many times - I'd like to talk to Biden like I did to Reagan he's a very good man he's a Catholic and establish a doctor patient relationship with him in regards to this issue - and I'd like to yeah be on the television stations is it John Oliver ? John Oliver is on HBO which allows him to swear I mean there are some very good people there and you just need to sit down and logically explain to them what a nuclear war would mean to them and their children and that power promotes a powerful political movement if the people are educated. I could go to Congress during the 80s and Tip O'Neill who was chairing the House would come to his office and meet me and say what can I do for you doctor because he knew that I had 80 percent of the Americans behind me that's political power any democracy will behave in a responsible fashion. and if you could talk to Ukraine's president Zelenskyy what would you say to him ? I'd say look things are very bad and I feel terrible about the fact that Putin has invaded your country but for God's sake go and talk to Putin because everyone's being killed it's just obscene absolutely obscene and he's a very clever man very clever just go and make friends with Putin and help to stop this madness - madness - Biden should be doing that as well talking to Putin - it's interesting that China's tried to intervene to produce peace in the Ukraine and what would you have listeners to Nuclear Hotseat and those who are in our spheres of influence do to help support a move towards sanity at a time when so much is pushing us against sanity ? okay I would I would suggest everyone sit down make a cup of tea or coffee or have a whiskey and watch If You Love This Planet and then show it to as many people as you can all your family everyone go to the politicians office your Senator and congressperson when they're back on leave show them the film and say unless you do something about this in Congress to eliminate nuclear weapons and there's a treaty up before the United Nations to abolish nuclear weapons unless you make sure that you work on this with your fellow Congress people and Senators I'll make sure you're not re-elected then you door knock and make sure they're not re-elected I mean the power is in the hands of the people and the Congress people are not the leaders - the people are the leaders, the Congress people are their representatives and they must represent life and not death which is what they currently do any final thoughts you'd like to leave us with ? Look I know America very well I've traveled to almost every city in America and talked to millions and millions of Americans there's such good kind loving people desperately want to do the right thing I know if they're educated they will. They need to get off up from their laptops and they need to go and see their Congress people once a month educate them and make sure they represent them and their children or they will not be re-elected and that means getting off their bottoms and getting out to talk to people and educating them. That's the role of a person who lives in a democracy. The Congress people are not your leaders you are their leaders they have to represent you and not the military industrial complex or the nuclear industry. They must represent you and your children and grandchildren and nature because global warming is upon us and we're in desperate straits. I often say nuclear winter will be the answer to global warming ... you know there's some people who take that seriously and think that that is the answer and of course it is not well we'll all be dead, so ... you know Dr Caldicott it's always wonderful when we work out the time zones and the International Date Line to find a time when we can actually talk with each other yeah always the challenge and I'm glad that we were able to transcend it well I appreciate very much the work that you are doing Libbe you're one of the few people who really take the world on your shoulders like Atlas or you're the new Joan of Arc well if nothing else I'm somebody who's got some skills who has some knowledge who has some concerns and I can't do nothing that's right so this is not nothing that's the key so this is my contribution and thank you so much for those kind words thank you very much Dr Helen Caldicott as I said it is always a joy and a great education to have you here with us on Nuclear Hotseat thank you very much - thank you very much​​​​‌‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌​‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍​‍​‍​‍​​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‍​‍​‍‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍​‌‍​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌​‍‌‍‍​‌‍‌‌​‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌​​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​​‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‍​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌​​‌‌‍‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌​‍‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‍​​‍‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌​‌‌‍‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌​‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‍​​‌‌‌​‌​‍‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌​‌‍​‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌​​‌‍​‍‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍‌‍​​‌‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‌‌​​‌​​‌​‍‌‌​​‍‌​‌‍​‍‌‌​​‍‌​‌‍‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍​‌‍​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌​‍‌‍‍​‌‍‌‌​‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌​​‌‌‍‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌​‍‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‍​​‍‌‍‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌​‌‌‍‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌​‍‌‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‍​​‌‌‌​‌​‍‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌​‌‍​‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌​​‍‌‍‌​​‌‍‌‌‌​‍‌​‌​​‌‍‌‌‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‍​‍‌‍​‌‍‍‌‌​‌‍‍​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​​‍​‍‌‌